Photodissociation regions (PDRs) are ubiquitously present in the interstellar medium (ISM) and consist of predominantly neutral gas and dust illuminated by far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation (6 < hv < 13.6 eV).…
Determining the photodissociation region (PDR) properties of the interstellar medium (ISM), such as the atomic and molecular mass content, is of fundamental importance to understand the star-formation process. The advent…
To determine the physical properties and evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM), we need to model its chemical conditions, since these help set its heating & cooling rates and ionization…
Cosmic-rays are relativistic charged particles (and not "rays" in terms of electromagnetic radiation) and play an important role in regulating the chemistry at high column densities. These high column-densities are…
The line of ionized carbon at 158μm, denoted as [CII], is one of the brightest lines originating from star-forming galaxies. Under typical environmental conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM), the…
Massive stars emit copious amount of photons that are able to ionize the atom of hydrogen in their nearby environment of the interstellar medium (ISM). This influence of UV radiation…
The dominant process for the galactic star formation is believed to be the collision between giant molecular clouds. The collision triggers the gravitational collapse of the merged clouds, creating star…